Quantitative investigation of immunoglobulins

Quantitative examination of immunoglobulins Presentation Quantitative examination of Immunoglobulins is the premise of the standard research center method inside the field of clinical immunology. Immunoglobulins can be estimated quantitatively using nephelometry, such estimations are fundamental in the occurrence of a presumed immunodeficiency inside a patient. Consequently the test is precise and quickly gauges the measures of IgM, IgG and IgA proteins inside the blood of the patient and from such decide whether various conditions or clutters are available. The job of such antibodies is inside battling diseases and hypersensitivities as a feature of the ordinary safe reaction. An ailment (or turmoil) can be recognized through the estimation of such protein levels. IgM for instance can show up during an underlying contamination and afterward return less significantly upon auxiliary introduction. (Weir, 1978) Nephelometry is typically performed by drawing blood from a vein on the rear of the hand or if impractical within an elbow. The needle brings the blood into a water/air proof vial or cylinder joined to it. Expulsion of the needle is trailed by disinfection and covering of the entry point site. (Stanley, 2002) Commonsense Schedule- Nephelometry is a mechanized framework that estimates antigen or immunizer arrangement in restricted fixations by the measure of light dissipate. The guideline is that when the light comes into contact with the arrangement it won't be consumed yet disperse away from the principle bar and estimated at edges between 0-90 from a predefined bend. The resulting sums are proportionate to that of the grouping of particles. Just as weaken arrangements there additionally should be a straight connection between's particles framed and optical thickness. Thus a few weakenings estimations are recorded and furthermore during the development of particles. This procedure is known as rate nephelometry. While considering this procedure it is essential that the overall measure of antigen and counter acting agent must be sufficiently little with the goal that precipitation doesn't happen yet in addition sufficiently huge to permit the definition of little safe buildings. Immunoprecipitation results are accomplished using monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) permitting epitopes to respond with the antiserum and MCAs framing resistant encourages with their antigens. Results- Typical outcomes IgG: 560 to 1800 mg/dL IgM: 45 to 250 mg/dL IgA: 100 to 400 mg/dL Assessment the mechanized idea of this strategy implies that it is both quick exact with results accessible inside 1-2 hours. Its wide spread use is chiefly down to this factor yet its straightforwardness and low example size and volumes likewise make it an esteemed strategy with the clinical research facility setting. (Diamandis et al1996). It is be that as it may, likewise with most methods not without its disadvantages. The standard insurances ought to be taken as when taking any blood test. Albeit uncommon unnecessary dying, blacking out and disease should all be considered as hazard factors when taking examples. (Drexel, 14/06/08) The nearness of residue particles and different flotsam and jetsam can be cause for mutilated readings and lead to higher qualities than anticipated. This can be tended to through centrifugation of the example (Diamandis et al1996). Notwithstanding this air pockets can cause comparable impacts on results. To guarantee readings are as exact as could be expected under the circumstances, the particularity ought to be at ideal level, as set on the nephelometer and controls ought to be done any place it is utilized. (Palmer, 1992) Although this technique decides the measure of every immunoglobulin it doesn't have the capacity to distinguish antibodies. Another technique that can be utilized to quantitatively explore Immunoglobulins in serum, spit, cerebrospinal liquid (CSF), amniotic liquid, and gastrointestinal juice is Radial Immunodiffusion (Chapel et al1999). This strategy takes into account the adding of an example to a well in a gel comprised of the counter acting agent explicit for the substance being tried for. This at that point travels through the gel prompting the arrangement of an obvious accelerate around the ideal focus test well. The understanding of such outcomes anyway is abstract and results are postponed as the procedure takes a few days and as such nephelometry is suggested for more prominent accuracy, computerization, objectivity and speed and is reasonable for enormous throughput tests (Keogan et al 2006). It is likewise difficult to quantitatively dissect the outcomes utilizing little examples and an adjustment bend. (Church et al., 2006). 2. Quantitative Other Serum Proteins-Radial Immunodiffusion Presentation Spiral Immunodiffusion follows up on the antigen-counter acting agent complex precipitation response. It is utilized inside the field of nervous system science and oncology. This includes aloof dispersion of immunoreactants through an agar network. An electrical flow isn't required for such procedure to happen as is dependent upon the physiochemical connections. Useful Schedule Spiral Immunodiffusion works by means of the blending of antiserum with agar and pouring it on a glass plate to permit it to harden. The antiserum must be explicit for the class of immunoglobulin that is being estimated for the procedure. The agar blend is then punctured and the ensuing gaps filled utilizing the sera from the test tests. Dispersion of the Immunoglobulins radially causes the arrangement of encourage at the point which the quantity of counter acting agent and antigen are indistinguishable. Similarly as with past procedures an adjustment bend us utilized that has been made up from known arrangement of answer for decide the measure of Immunoglobulins present inside the example. Assessment Exactness and explicitness is the most powerful danger to truly of this strategy. The key issue is the absence of affectability and is anything but a quick method with results taking more than 48 hours attributable to response times. (House of prayer, 2002) Whilst it gives use in the assurance of serum proteins quantitatively there are a variety of elements that can prompt questionable outcomes. Temperature of the gel and outer condition, sub-atomic size, gel thickness, reactant fixation and cushion pH features a couple of the variables that will influence the pace of dispersion yet isn't comprehensive. (Nakamura et al, 1979) 3. Quantitative other Serum proteins Assortment of serum Gather blood in a glass holder and permit it to clump at room temperature for 60 minutes. When the coagulation has shaped release the dividers of the compartment to help withdrawal. Move to 4 degrees and leave for the time being if important Gather the communicated serum and axis at 150g for 5 minutes to dregs the erythrocytes, and afterward at 350g for 15 minutes. Move the straw shaded serum to appropriate holders and warmth at 56 degrees for 30 minutes to obliterate the warmth labile parts of supplement. (Roughage et al., 2002) Subjective Immunoglobulins Presentation The phases of analysis, assurance of resistance and the helplessness of a person to numerous microbial diseases, depend on immunological tests in serum. At the point when blood clusters the liquid that remaining parts is referred to as serum and as such it is wealthy in Immunoglobulins. Serum anyway isn't effectively open so other example sources can be utilized. The nearness of explicit Immunoglobulins in pee, spit and cerebrospinal liquid imply that such organic liquids, comprehensive of others, for example, semen, can be utilized. Anatomically the most promptly accessible and less meddling in any case, similarly as with other natural liquids, contain low convergences of IgM and IgG. Semen is copious with these Immunoglobulins and as such might be seen just like the most exact and solid in any such examinations (PCT, 1987) In Serum-Immunoelectrophresis Presentation Serum Protein Electrophoresis is a subjective examination completed to test for the nearness of monoclonal groups (paraproteins). (House of prayer et al., 2002) During electrophoresis, discrete monoclonal groups may show up (M groups). Further examination is required so as to decide the immunoglobulin substantial as well as light chains through immunofixation. This is significant when attempting to recognize what kind of Immunoglobulins are available. Assurance is accomplished through Immunoprecipitation in a gel with hostile to sera that is explicit for overwhelming and light chains of the immunoglobulin. Immunoelectrophresis works by isolating sera in agarose gel by electrophoresis. Troughs that are corresponding to the unfixed electrophoretic strips have explicit enemy of sera added to them prompting the detailing of precipitin curves that are obviously noticeable attributable to the procedure of dissemination. Immunofixation anyway will in general be all the more regularly utilized and as such will be progressively engaged upon inside the portfolio. This strategy is ordinarily utilized in the analysis of conditions, for example, osteoporosis. In the strange nonappearance of a substantial chain and an irregular response happening with the insect sera that are explicit for light chains discrete (M) groups are available. It is likewise a feature to the chance of an IgD or IgE paraproteins in spite of the fact that is far less normal. On the off chance that an unusual response happens with just the substantial chain against sera it is characteristic of an uncommon overwhelming chain issue. It is perhaps to evaluate singular M groups with the utilization of a densitometer. This demonstrations by estimating the force of the stain taken up by every individual band and as such is the main strategy at present to be useful in the estimation of paraproteins focus (Chapel et al1999). Down to earth Schedule taken from Clinical Immunology. (Church et al., 2002) Immunoelectrophoresis-Apply serum tests to an electrophoresis gel at the cathode end close by an ordinary serum test as a control. Apply an electric flow for 45 minutes and expel the gel. Utilize a stain to imagine the groups. Immunofixation-explicit antisera to IgG, IgA, IgM and kappa and lambda light binds are then applied to the electrophoresed tests by absorbing portions of cellulose acetic acid derivation the individual antisera and laying them o

Case Study for project management- chapter1-3 free essay sample

Multi stage sprint approach has its smart thought to direct initial an investigation of what the consumers’ wants before getting into the choices of making another venture or item to decide the requirements of the clients. Be that as it may, having this methodology is a lot of reasonable for neighborhood ventures. In the other hand is the Cross-utilitarian methodology. Cross utilitarian methodology is perfect to an enormous undertaking particularly if the venture is getting around the world. This methodology needs to enlist experts’ individuals to fabricate a group for the divisions. With this, the accomplishment of the task can surpass from the desire. In any case, disappointment of the undertaking has its once in a lifetime opportunities if the division or group was not joined together. (b)In my own assessment, I think it is the multi stage sprint approach. Since for me it is vastly improved to have a not all that little task effective than having an enormous undertaking with a major lost of yours on the off chance that you fizzled. 2. It is the Swedish organization who has more force while less force was on Aaronside. 3. Indeed. It is on the grounds that cross-useful methodology requires recruiting master individuals to fabricate a group for a specific undertaking. 4. I think it is a direct result of the way that VPs need to settle on the significant choice without anyone else without the counseling to the individuals. Moreover, VPs solicitation to the individuals to bring just the fundamental data and come up to that sort of choice without requesting any sentiment or endorsement from the individuals as regard to their quality. 5. Indeed. Since it isn't more right than wrong to endure such things. CASE: Cocable Inc. Jovana Riddle Answers 1. The bit of leeway to the Cocable case is that the organization was open for a change to improve their organization. Furthermore, the representatives were prepared to the degree of their abilities to work at Cocable for the proceeds with advancement of the organization. Be that as it may, acquainting venture the board with new item advancement can prompt troubles in the piece of the organization particularly on the workers. The organization would give cash on the trainings and increment their yearly costs. Facing this challenge likewise can’t give them an affirmation to the advancement of Cocable Inc. CASE: A RobustArm Global Industries’ Sledgehammer Dragan Z. Milosevic, Peerasit Patanakul, and Sabin Srivannaboon Answers 1. The SPM procedure is imperative to the organization since it push them to the top as they get the Baldridge grant. That second goes to the constant changing for their company’s improvement. Representatives were likewise pleased being them part of the organization and lift them to give a valiant effort to work with the organization which was a worldwide multi-million-dollar business. 2. The RGB was on the correct path in creating SPM process. They carefully follow the means and periods of SPM which direct them for good outcomes maybe building up this procedure need more cash and can results to rejoined group on the grounds that SPM elevates equivalent chances to all colleagues to get chief. CASE: Another Trojan Horse Stevan Jovanovic Answers 1. Above all else I might want to state that it was a moving occasion in history of task the executives. I discovered that It truly requires some investment to have a total and fruitful venture. It makes a difference to follow steps and never skip on each stage that the task required. Trojan Nuclear Plant demonstrated that holding up is worth. The group of John were quietly making the task into littler division until Trojan Nuclear Plant accomplished its best CASE: Call a Truck Dragan Z. Milosevic, Peerasit Patanakul, and Savin Srivannaboo Answers 1. Feline, Inc. 2. James, the new chosen CEO of CAT, Inc. made a dream that relates to the progressions of the organization that opens it to the universe of innovation most likely with the utilization of PC. Feline, Inc likely got its new-look to general society. It shows signs of improvement. It gives the clients (drivers) helpful and good administrations to address their issues that the other organization can’t give. 3. Task the executives plays as their manual for set up changes in the organization. It gives them procedures to a smooth progression of their tasks. CASE: The Project Hand-off Method Dragan Z. Milosevic, Russ J. Martinelli, and James M. Waddell Answers 1. Indeed, there are different task supervisors in charge of the venture as it advanced through the improvement life cycle. With them, the administration of the undertaking was cultivated through a venture the board model. Subsequently, a task chief with the practical aptitude explicit to the period of advancement the item was at present in accepted responsibility for venture. 2. Truly, on the grounds that it was plainly expressed there that hand-off strategy for advancement is normally in littler, less develop, and in fact the organizations centered into it in spite of the fact that the genuine venture the executives esteem isn't surely known. 3. Hand-off strategy is extends by definition are finite,(pros) their effect should proceed after they have been finished. (cons)The result (If not), one may address what the purpose of the venture was in any case. Numerous ventures fold themselves into activities. The organization should now utilize the data or framework that came about because of the task. A transitional period will frequently take colleagues straightforwardly from the venture into their jobs in the every day tasks of the organization. Part 2 CULTURAL ASPECTS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE: Engineering Culture at Beck Dragan Z. Milosevic, Peerasit Patanakul, and Sabin Srivannaboon Answers 1. Meanings of culture referenced for the situation: Engineers pride †the propensity for calling their selves â€Å"engineers†, which they are. â€Å"Run to the end† †the main goal was making sure about new business, and a worry for delivering an item on occasion fell through breaks. Creators to (cost to structure) †this methodology infers that engineers first plan the item, at that point they make sense of the value, which the client may think about excessively high. Client driven †is having the option to help decipher what customer’s correctly need of the item plan. 2. What I need is Beck’s culture is that having that â€Å"Customer centric† approach. It is acceptable to realize that this sort of culture can ready to interpret the customer’s needs. With this, they can offer a superior support for the client. CASE: The Jamming Dragan Z. Milosevic, Peerasit Patanakul, and Sabin Srivannaboon Answers 1. The sticking methodology function admirably in the second situation. It was characterized there as â€Å"cohesive† which shows solidarity regardless of contrasts in societies yet exhibiting every skill to contribute in the venture to meet achievement. 2. Concurring in the circumstance, (experts) the sticking is a fine strategy to be utilized in a group. Achievement of the undertaking is conceivable like appeared in situation 2. It has a decent impact if just the individuals would have a generally excellent congruity cooperating. Likewise, its pliancy might be such extraordinary advantage for multicultural undertaking chiefs that a considerable lot of them see it as perfect in the improvement of socially responsive task the executives technique like what they saying â€Å"two heads are superior to one†. Which means having various societies resembles having distinctive evaluator that most likely become the advantage of the organization . Be that as it may, similar to what the case define,(cons) Jamming’s essential structure may not be in line with all societies and may not be suitable for the execution by groups made out of individuals with shifting degrees of competency in different people’s venture the board contents. Sticking is conceivable likewise for a â€Å"overpersonalization† of connection between the task chief and the partner, described by high passionate association, loss of touch with and numbness of other colleagues, and hesitance to appoint. Section 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROCESSES CASE: Special Session Sabin Srivannaboon Answers 1. The undertaking the board forms referenced for the situation is the venture starting, arranging, executing, observing and controlling, and shutting process gatherings. 2. I think it is the checking and controlling which is themost testing among the remainder of the procedures in light of the fact that as it was characterize, Monitoring is gathering, recording, and revealing data concerning all parts of the task execution that the undertaking chief or others in the association wish to know while controlling utilizations the information provided by observing to bring real execution into rough proportionality with arranged execution. This procedure bunch es are extremely fundamental as far as providing and gathering data due to the way that disappointment in this procedure will presumably a disappointment in the entire venture. 3. They are connected on the grounds that they are both basic in venture the board. Without the five procedures in venture the board there will be no information territories. Accordingly, venture the executives is simply one more procedure of those information territories. 4. My comprehension about end by starvation was it is the large loss of the central assets to escape from the issue. CASE: Waterfall Software Development Osman Answers 1. The benefit of cascade is that it has an order upheld: each stage has a characterized start and end point, and progress can be indisputably recognized by both merchant and customer. It lessens wastage of time, exertion and neither danger of calendar slippage nor the desire for the buyer not being met. This technique was some way or another unreasonable and inadmissible for the fancies of the world. In this way, accomplishing the client needs, assessing time and expenses with precision is unquestionably hard to accomplish. In this way, cascade system is best appropriate for ventures which are steady and guaranteeing the client needs at the main stage to decrease struggle. 2. For me, I will straightforwardly clear on making the stages. Making steps which are not fundamental to the undertaking ought to be ended to decrease tedious and can postpone to the advancement of the task. 3. Truly I concur with his approach to take care of the issues since he think about all the viewpoints and pe

Using Guided Imagery for Stress Management

Using Guided Imagery for Stress Management Stress Management Management Techniques Print Using Guided Imagery for Stress Management By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 24, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Using guided imagery, you can see yourself walking down a less stressful path. Robert Deutschman/Getty Images Guided imagery is an effective stress management technique and has remained popular for several reasons.  It can quickly calm your body and simultaneously relax your mind.  Its pleasant to practice, and not overly difficult or intimidating to learn.  And it can help you to de-stress in minutes, but can also be a useful strategy for maintaining resilience toward stress during difficult times.   If this sounds like something you can use in your life, read more about when guided imagery is used, and how it may be a useful go-to stress reliever for you. Guided Imagery’s Effects on the Body Guided imagery has been found to provide significant stress reduction benefits, including physically relaxing the body quickly and efficiently and even helping participants get in touch with deeper levels of wisdom (held on a subconscious level) that would help them better manage their lives in ways that would reduce stress. The studies demonstrating the health benefits of imagery are so numerous that many hospitals are incorporating imagery as an option to help with treatment. Fortunately, its a simple enough technique that it can be used at home as well, with positive results. What’s Involved? With the help of a guided imagery recording, a professional helper, or just one’s own imagination, those who practice guided imagery get into a deeply relaxed state and envision, with great detail relating to all of the senses, a relaxing scene. This scene may be something in the natural world like a beautiful waterfall in Hawaii with sparkling and refreshing water at the bottom or a cool and dense forest where you may take a calming walk in your imagination. It could also be a relaxing or happy event such as a vividly-imagined scene where you discover a $50 bill on the sidewalk and eat a delicious meal in a restaurant by the beach, or win the lottery and buy whatever you want. Those why use guided imagery for stress relief may also imagine a wise ‘guide’ with them, answering their questions and asking them questions that they must ponder in order to get to a better place in their lives. (This ‘guide’ is a representation of their subconscious mind that they aren’t general ly able to access.) What Are the Pros? Imagery can provide relaxation, insight, and wisdom. It is a free stress relieving therapy and, with practice, can be done just about anywhere.  It can help you to relieve physical tension and psychological stress at the same time, distracting you from what may be stressing you, and getting you into a more positive frame of mind. In this way, it can also be useful in disrupting patterns of rumination and can help you to build resources in your life that increase your resilience toward stress by engaging an upward spiral of positivity.  (Read more about that here.) What Are the Cons? Like self-hypnosis, it can take some practice to master autonomous guided imagery. Working with a professional therapist to get to that point can be somewhat costly, but worthwhile.  Alternatively, there are many downloadable recordings you can use to get started or follow the simple  instructions in this article on guided imagery. How Does It Compare To Other Stress Reduction Methods? For the benefits it provides, it’s an excellent stress management option. It can be easier than exercise or even yoga for those with physical limitations. It has no risk of side effects like some medical and herbal therapies. Using it for simple relaxation is easy and can be done by just about anyone, but accessing an internal ‘guide’ takes more practice than other methods like progressive muscle relaxation or breathing exercises. It’s similar to self-hypnosis in that you’re getting into a deep state of relaxation and dealing with your subconscious mind. However, with self-hypnosis, you’re more often implanting ideas into your subconscious mind, whereas imagery focuses more on extracting ideas from it.

Understanding the Use of Numbers in Mandarin Chinese

Uncertain boundaries in Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1736 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Huckleberry Finn Essay Mark Twain Essay Did you like this example? Mark Twain`s novel â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† offers the readers an in depth description about the people that lived along the Mississippi river. The action is set in the XIX century in a Southern antebellum society that is hypocrite when it comes to morality and where things like racism, lies or deception happen daily; that is the reason why the novel is regarded by many literary critics as a satire of the American society. The novel is a sequel to one of Mark Twain’s previous works â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer†, hence Tom is making an appearance in this books as well.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Uncertain boundaries in Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" essay for you Create order My main goal when writing this essay is to analyse some of the main themes presented in the book, namely imposture and identity and also distinguish between what is considered fiction and what is reality. As Susan Gillman said â€Å"Imposture and identity, fiction and reality are the real dilemmas of Twain`s America.† (Gillman, page 5) But most importantly, I will try to portray the main character, Huckleberry Finn as this book is also a coming of age story about how he matures and learns how to protect himself and the ones in need and how to distinguish between what society taught him that is good and between what is the actual right thing to do. The story is being told from his perspective. Huckleberry Finn is a thirteen years old boy who made his first appearance is â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer†. He is a poor orphan boy who is more accustomed to sleeping on the streets or in empty barrels and who is almost never sufficiently fed. He wears cast-off adult clothes and would spend most of his days doing what he wanted. He did not have to go to school or church like other children he did not have any sort of responsibility and that is why he was sort of envied by them because they â€Å"wished they dared to be like him†. (Twain, page 53) He is the son of the town`s drunkard, Pap Finn who is anything but a good father to his son: Yes, hes got a father, but you cant never find him these days. He used to lay drunk with the hogs in the tanyard, but he haint been seen in these parts for a year or more. (Twain, page 9) He constantly abuses and beats him. Given also the fact that his mother is dead is easy to understand why Huck has no clear idea about what a true family is. And this is why his relationship with Miss Watson and Widow Douglas seems a bit strange. At the beginning of the novel, Huckleberry gives the readers a little summary of the events that led him to where he is now. After a series of adventures he and his best friend Tom Sawyer found a pretty big sum of money hid by robbers, which they split between them. Huck is being left with six thousand dollars and is adopted by the widow Douglas and her sister Mary Watson. And this is where the beginning of the action in the novel actually starts. Huckleberry lives with the two sisters who are genuinely kind and want to help get grow up nicely and be an educated boy. But after he has lived all of his life more on the streets he actually feels constrained. They want him to wear nice clothes, to go to school and learn well, to stop smoking often threatening that is he does not obey the rules of the society and those of God he will be punished and go to hell. So, Huck has a long list of rules he has to follow such as: â€Å"Dont put your feet up there, Huckleberry†; and â€Å"Dont scrunch up like that, Huckleberry—set up straight†; and pretty soon she would say, â€Å"Dont gap and stretch like that, Huckleberry—why dont you try to behave?† (Twain, page 4) All of this was a lot for him to bear, so when the pressure on him was too much he would run away and sleep on the streets. But Widow Douglas cared for him as if he was her own son so she always managed to convince him to come back. Just when Huck was getting used to his new life his father comes back to town and kidnaps him. One day he decides to finally escape and fakes his death. Huckleberry`s desire for freedom is most prominent in this part of the novel. He has had enough of people trying to shape his life and wants a life of his own. On an island he meets Jim, a slave that run away from Miss Watson because she wanted to sell him and that would have meant for him to be separated from his family and go to South where slave’s lives was much worse. He asks Huckleberry to help him and this is the major point where his real dilemmas start to show up. As Harold Bloom and Leslie A. Fiedler said â€Å"The moral crisis of the book is created by the constant disjunction in the mind of Huckleberry Finn between what he thinks he ought to do, and what he is aware that he must do†. (Bloom and Fiedler 25-39) He doesn`t know if he should help Jim or return him to Miss Watson. He doesn`t know in the first place if it is a good idea to help Jim, or if he is being disloyal to Miss Watson since Jim is her „property†. Miss Watson`s action portray perfectly the hypocrisy of the society. She is always talking about following God`s words, yet she`s a slave owner. In the end Huck listens to his reason and takes the right decision to save him.†-I said I wouldn`t and I`ll stick to it. Honest injun I will. People would call me a low down Abolitionist and despise me for keeping mum- but that don`t make no difference. I ain`t agoing to tell, and I ain`t agoing back there anyways. So now, le`s know all about it.† (Twain, page 38) What leads Huck to question the morality of the society he lives in is not only the fact that this society failed to protect him from all the abuse he suffered, hence he saw himself as an outcast. So, this society is not only corrupted, but also deeply hypocrite and abusive. Huck tells lots of lies in the book, but most of the time he either does it to protect himself or the others like that one time when he lied some slave hunters in order to protect Jim. But still, it is interesting to see that Huck finds comfort in lying, as if telling the truth would attract something negative. One thing that should be taken into consideration is that Huck`s lies are lots of time related to having a family, hence we can conclude that a part of him wants to have a normal life and a loving family. „I says to myself, I reckon a body that ups and tells the truth when he is in a tight place is taking considerable many resks, though I ain’t had no experience, and can’t say for certain; but it looks so to me, anyway; and yet here’s a case where I’m blest if it don’t look to me like the truth is better and actuly safer than a lie.† (Twain, page 157) Another character who lies for a good cause is Jim. Knowing that the shot man in the cabin was Huckleberry`s father, he chooses to lie and tell him that it is a person they do not know. His motivation is that Huck would most probably suffer even if he did not get on well with Pap Finn. The King and the Duke are two otherwise unnamed con artists whom Huck and Jim encounter on their trip. They pose as the long-lost Duke of Bridgewater and the long-dead Louis XVII of France; Huck quickly comes to recognize them for what they are, but pretends to accept their claims to avoid conflict. Their lies opposed to those of Huck because they life in order to deceive naà ¯ve people and steal their money. In fact Huckleberry and Jim first encounter them while they are being chased by an angry group of people whom they tricked. Moreover, when the Duck and the King first meet they actually try to con each other, but when they realise it they end up becoming a team: â€Å"Old man†, said the young one, â€Å"I reckon we might double-team it together; what do you think?† (Twain, page 105) On its surface, the subject of the novel is just a story about a boy and a runaway slave floating down the Mississippi River trying to escape from an oppressive system. However, we can sense that both Huck and Jim share a deep desire for freedom, from the oppression they’re constantly subjected to. Both Jim the slave and Huck, the orphan are prototypes for two categories of people who in the course of history of America have always suffered. There is an interesting thing regarding what is fiction in the novel. For. Huck`s character was based on one of Mark Twain`s childhood friends named Tom Blankenship, whose father, Woodson Blankenship, was a poor alcoholic and abusive man and most likely the model for Huck`s dad, Pap Finn. â€Å"In Huckleberry Finn I have drawn Tom Blankenship exactly as he was,† he wrote in his Autobiography. â€Å"He was ignorant, unwashed, insufficiently fed; but he had as good a heart as ever any boy had. In the end Huckleberry decides he had enough of people to „sivilize† him and wants to become the master of his own destiny so he refuses to either come back to Miss Watson or to live with uncle Silas, but prefers to travel to a territory unknown to him, fully aware that this is dangerous, but he had matured enough and he learnt a lot of valuable lessons about life, friendship and honour and he gained experience that will help him protect himself so he does not need others to it for him anymore. Huckleberry Finn`s desire for freedom was too strong and no social norm could keep him away from it.

Gender Discrimination on English Language Free Essays

ABSTRACT Language plays an important role in society. As a phenomenon of society, language reflects all the sides of human society naturally. Sexism is a phenomenon that takes a male-as-norm attitude, trivializing, insulting or rendering women invisible. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Discrimination on English Language or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a mirror reflecting the society, language images the social views and values. The causes of sexism in this thesis are not the language itself but due to the inequality between male and female in such areas as traditional culture, religious consciousness social status as well as social status. Language, which has a close relation with the society, could reflect the certain social custom and characteristic of a nation. In addition, social development and changes in turn will affect language and can input fresh blood to it. English, as one of the oldest languages, which has an extensive influence in the current world, has also experienced numerous impacts from the reforms and changes. These changes and trends constantly updated the use of language as well. In the 1960s ,great changes have been made in modern English since the rise of the American feminist movement,namely, the women’s liberation movement. That is, some of the original uses and meanings have been eliminated or become obsolete while some new expressions have emerged. On the one hand, it makes the English expressions and use more accurate, clear. On the other hand, however, it is hard to avoid bringing some new problems. The thesis summarizes the phenomena of sexism in English as well as traces the reasons for the occurrence of sexism in the English language. Then it concerns the feminist influence on language. The paper documents and discusses feminist language reform: the efforts, the initiatives and actions of feminists around the world to change the biased representation of the sexes in language Key Words: Sexism in language; Feminist movement; Language reform; Contents 0. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ,,,,,,,,1 1.. Sexism in Language †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. 1 The definition of language sexism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 1. 2 The phenomenon of language sexism in English†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 1. 3The reason of language sexism in English†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 1. 3. 1The influence of socialized prejudice and traditional idea†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 1. 3. 2 The influence of religion consciousness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 1. 3. 3 The Psychological reason†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. The Development of the English Language Sexism viewed from the American Feminist Movements and its Effects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 1 The influence of feminist movement on Language Sexism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 3 The effects on English language after the language reform †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. 3 The Different Attitude towards the Reform of English Language Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Acknowledgements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 How to cite Gender Discrimination on English Language, Essay examples

Importance of Clinical Reasoning Cycle-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Explain your understanding of the function of Clinical Reasoning Cycle in relation to nursing assessment. 2.List any additional health assessment data would need to be collected for this patient as part of a focused nursing assessment? 3.Considering the patients demographics (age, gender, lifestyle,) identify two focused nursing assessments that would assist you in collecting appropriate data for this patient? Answers: 1.Clinical reasoning cycle is an important assessment tool in nursing by which nurses collect cues and then process the information. Through this process, they come to an understanding of the problem or situation which is bothering the patients health and hence plan and implement interventions with proper evaluation of outcomes. This is followed by reflection form the learning acquired by the nurse. Many decisions are often complex and depend on a number of different internal as well as external factors. Therefore this decision making tool helps the nurse to make choices through a systematic process that considers different clinical predisposing and contributing factors (Dalton, Gee Levett Jones, 2013). This tool helps the nurse to move sequentially through a number of logical considerations that ultimately end at a final decision. 2.Apart from the vital signs which provide a large number of indicators about improper functioning of the heart and chances of myocardial infarction, another diagnostic test that is also important in this scenario is the electrocardiography. Electrocardiography in suspected myocardial infarction often act to be very helpful in recognizing ischemia as well as acute coronary injury in the emergency departments patient who are coming with symptoms of myocardial infarction. ECG is also helpful in distinguishing different types of myocardial infarction. 12 lead ECG is often used for such patients with ST segment elevation, St Segment depression or with non diagnostic symptoms (Hassell et al., 2016). 3.The BMI of the patient is found to be 35. This BMI states that he is an obese individual. Hence information about the patients lifestyles are needed to be inquired and assessed for so that the nurse can make appropriate lifestyle change recommendation which will reduce his weight and maintain an healthy lifestyle (Mazor et al., 2014). Obese patients have high chances of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and many others which often become reason for cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infarction. He also has high stress employment. Increased amount of stresses can cause heart problems. Excess of stress hormones may be produced which cause myocardial infarction. It occurs when a blockage forms in one of the arteries supplying oxygenated blood to heart/ stress hormone interrupted the system affecting the condition of the patients heart. References: Dalton, L., Gee, T., Levett-Jones, T. (2015). Using clinical reasoning and simulation-based education to'flip'the Enrolled Nurse curriculum.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The,33(2), 29. Hassell, M. E. C. J., Delewi, R., Lexis, C. P. H., Smulders, M. W., Hirsch, A., Wagner, G., ... Piek, J. J. (2016). The relationship between terminal QRS distortion on initial ECG and final infarct size at 4months in conventional ST-segment elevation myocardial infarct patients.Journal of electrocardiology,49(3), 292-299. Mazor-Aronovitch, K., Lotan, D., Modan-Moses, D., Fradkin, A., Pinhas-Hamiel, O. (2014). Blood pressure in obese and overweight children and adolescents.The Israel Medical Association journal: IMAJ,16(3), 157-161

When Someone Hugs You Never Be The First To Let Go Essays

When Someone Hugs You Never Be The First To Let Go About this time last year, my best friend was diagnosed with a serious kidney disease; one that if not treated could be fatal. She had been perfectly healthy until about a week before. Her disease was one that she had been born with, but was inactive ntil it was triggered. No one is sure what triggered it. I remember the day I found out as if it were yesterday. I was sitting on my couch waiting for a phone call to tell me everything was OK. I was kind of dozing off when I heard a knock at my front door. I opened my door to reveal my grief-strickened friend. She stood on my front porch quivering, half from the cold and half from fright. Her eyes were bloodshot and her glitter eye-makeup was mixed with tears to form tiny, glittery rivers that ran down her cheeks. Instantly I was paralyzed by fear. I began to ask a million questions, half of which were probably not understandable because I was trembling. She managed to stammer out something about a disease and how she could die. As I stood there watching my friend crumble into nothing, cold, salty tears began to roll down my cheeks. I knelt beside her and threw my arms around her. We sat on my porch hugging each other for what seemed like hours. Finally she let go and we began to talk. My friend has been in many horrible situations that I couldn't make all right. The only way I can help is to open my arms and offer a shoulder to cry on and a hug. I make sure that I am never the first one to let go when I hug a friend. I feel that en my friend feels better she will let go and I will have done my job as a friend. Never be the first one to let go. By holding on, you're telling your friend that you're there. Hug your friends as much as you can. Show them you truly love them and en a hard time comes they will be there with open arms for you. Creative Writing

Discussing The Amount Of People That Have Disabilities Social Work Essays

Discussing The Amount Of People That Have Disabilities Social Work Essays Discussing The Amount Of People That Have Disabilities Social Work Essay Discussing The Amount Of People That Have Disabilities Social Work Essay However, disablement rights and the disablement dimension of broader equality and human rights are merely get downing to derive acknowledgment on legislative act books and in tribunal judgements. Whilst these rights are immature both as legal and academic constructs, the demand to beef up and intensify our apprehension of the disablement docket is pressing. The new statute law, grants people sing disablements entree to public- , and private-sector employment, edifices, transit, and communications services, all which are seen as important dimensions in disablement equality. In making this, it equates favoritism against people sing disablements with favoritism based on gender, race, or faith. This statute law recognised people sing disablements as a minority group meriting equal protection under the jurisprudence. The Disability Act assumes that human-made environments are the primary beginning of disability. Such environments are informally and officially shaped and defined by plans, policies, course of study, architectural programs, and other miscellaneous patterns. What is Disability? Disability is a contested, complex thought. It covers a broad spectrum of medically defined damages and the societal, environmental and economic obstructions to full enjoyment of social inclusion that are associated with them. Damages linked to disability scope from terrible to minor restraints on mobility, sight, hearing, address and acquisition, and include mental unwellnesss every bit good as physical conditions. The differentiation between the medical and societal theoretical account of disablement arose out of the unfavorable judgments of the ICIDH theoretical account by people who were active in administrations and motions that aimed to procure basic civil rights for people with disablements. An early alteration to the ICIDH theoretical account emphasized the demand to see disability as emerging out of external factors that interact with disease/impairment/disability. One effort to depict these factors made mention to the physical environment, the societal state of affairs to the individual and the resources available to them ( Bradley 1987 ) . In a more recent part, Verbrugge A ; Jette ( 1994 ) provided a more luxuriant categorization, including both personal and environmental factors in the procedure which links impairment/disability and their results. The importance of these factors is that they provide avenues for intercession that aim to better the quality of life of individuals so affected. In response to unfavorable judgment of the original ICIDH theoretical account, a more comprehensive alteration has late been developed by the World Health Organisation ( Halbertsma et al 2000 ) . This is called the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health known as ICF ( WHO 1999 ) . This has moved off from being a consequence of disease theoretical account, to a components of wellness theoretical account. Its cardinal constituents are body constructions and maps and damages in construction of map ; activities, which are undertakings or activities undertaken by a individual and troubles or restrictions an person may hold in put to deathing those activities ; and engagement, which consists of engagement in life state of affairss in the context of where an single lives. Engagement limitations are jobs a individual may see with regard to involvement in life state of affairss. Each of these constituents are relationships between them are influenced by the conte xtual factors ; that is, personal and environmental factors. This strategy attempts to incorporate the medical and societal theoretical accounts of disablement into broader biopsychosocial theoretical account that gives due acknowledgment to the significance of the environment in act uponing operation and overall wellness and wellbeing. Medical theoretical account of disablement Looking at the medical theoretical account of disablement, it is rooted in an undue accent on clinical diagnosing, the really nature of which it is destined to take to partial and suppressing position of the handicapped person. The medical theoretical account of disablement, up until late, was seen as the dominant paradigm of disablement, and described the norms that have traditionally governed disablement in Western society. It relies on normative classs of handicapped and non-disabled and presumes that a individual s disablement is a personal, medical job, necessitating but an individualized medical solution ; that people who have disablements face no group job caused by society or that societal policy should be used to better. The medical theoretical account views the physiological status itself as a job. In other words, the person is the venue of disablement. Even those with disablements have sometimes adopted this position. This theoretical account is necessary in finding medicine, although, we need much more so the medical facts in order to understand disablement. Understood merely as a biological trait, disablement leaves the person in demand of physiological aid to rectify the effects of the disablement. Under the medical theoretical account, people with disablements are frequently characterised as holding single properties of incapacity and dependance. Consequently, given the position of disablement as an person job, appropriate aid is understood either as rehabilitation attempts to enable the person to get the better of the effects of the disablement, or medical attempts to happen a remedy for the person. Either manner, the focal point is on the person and how they can get the better of their status. The medical theoretical account has the capacity to break up the disablement community by emphasizing the single physiological traits that differentiate handicapped individuals, instead than the common social obstructions that unite them. Under the medical theoretical account, people with disablements are frequently typecast into one of two functions: the pathetic posting kid or the inspirational supercrip. Under the pathetic posting kid function, handicapped persons are seen as objects of pity- childlike and in demand of charity. The contrasting, alternate function to the posting kid is the supercrip . If a handicapped individual is unable to presume a cute and childly function in society, the outlook is for that individual to be a supercrip and get the better of their disablement through their ain brave attempts. A supercrip is a handicapped individual, normally sympathetic, who has a epic narrative of trying to get the better of their disablement. In contract to the medical theoretical account, which we can see images illness as a mechanical malfunction or microbiological invasion, Parsons described the ill function as a impermanent, medically sanctioned signifier of aberrant behavior. This thought of the ill function has generated a batch of utile far-reaching research. Arguably, it still has a function in the cross-cultural comparing of ways in which time-out from normal responsibilities can be achieved or in which aberrant behavior may be explained and excused. Although this is true to state, the theoretical account does non exaime how being ill or in this instance disabled, does non automatically take to being a patient. Eliot Freidson has pointed out that people frequently rely on ballad sentiments and advice as to whether or non a professional audience is appropriate. He besides does nt admit that being a patient does non ever affect being ill. For illustration, a wheelchair user my be absolutely wellness saloon the fact they have no map of their legs. Alsojuxtaposed with the medical theoretical account of disablement is the societal theoretical account. The societal theoretical account Given the sweep of its protagonists, no one restatement of the societal theoretical account will cover every reading. In short, under this theoretical account, disablement is redefined as a societal construct- a type of multi-faceted social oppressions- and distinguished from the physiological impression of damage. In this context, being disabled depends upon divergence from society s building of corporeal normalcy. Furthermore, the experience of being a handicapped individual consists mostly of brushs with the many barriers erected by society- physical, institutional, and attitudinal- that inhibit full engagement in mainstream life. One consequence of the societal theoretical account is that the experience of disablement is non built-in or inevitable given a peculiar medical status ; instead, it depends upon the peculiar societal context in which one lives and maps. Upon speculating that the primary disadvantages associated with disablement are societal constructions and patterns, the claim that society has some duty to rectify the disadvantage may follow more of course. Consequently, whereas the medical manner facilitates medical solutions to set the person to suit society, the societal theoretical account focal points on seting the societal environment to fit persons. Social modelists do non disregard the function of physiology in bring forthing disablement under the rubric of damage. It must be taken into consideration when it comes to supplying entree or adjustments through architectural alterations. However, the cardinal claim under the societal theoretical account is that disablement is, by definition, wholly a societal concept. Johnson ( 1989 ) writes that, as a individual sing disablements, she feels she must endeavor to be normal in order to be personally Okay. Ed Murphy, quoted in Bogan and Taylor ( 1976 ) , observes that If you are considered mentally retarded, there is no manner you can win ( p.49 ) . Both of these persons have articulated a belief that they have, in some manner or ways, failed to run into the outlook of society. They believe that they have been perceived as limited in their operation and are themselves the beginning of the restriction. The orientation to disablement that Johnson and Murphy personify is normally referred to in the literature of particular instruction and disablement policy as the functional-limitation theoretical account ( Hahn, 1985 ) . Hahn ( 1988 ) traces this prevalent orientation to disablement to the Enlightenment and as experiential anxiousness stemming from a fright of going disabled coupled with an aesthetic anxiousness linked to a fright of the disturbing or unpleasant. Hahn is supported in this place by Foucault ( 1961/1965 ) , who links perceptual experiences of disablement to the European disappearing of Hansens disease in the late medieval period. This resulted in the transference of a negative perceptual experience of lazars to people with disablements in general. Foucault besides argues that the application of the medical theoretical account to disablement that occurred in the Renaissance contributed to a position of disablement as built-in in people and as a status that was pote ntially curable through intervention. Functional restrictions could therefore be seen as rehabilitative or remediable and non needfully dependent on environmental factors. The branchings of the functional-limitations orientation to disablement, and its negative consequence on how people sing disablements are perceived by others, are good documented in the literature. Through this orientation, disablements have been linked to results and potentially stereotyped perceptual experiences of the individual sing disablements. For illustration, shortages in cognitive development are routinely linked with an false enjoyment of insistent undertakings or obfuscation by excessively much stimulation ( Clements A ; Clements, 1984 ) . Hearing damages promote self-consciousness and deter speaking ( Clements A ; Clements, 1984 ) . Physical damages will falsify a kid s organic structure image ( Uhlin A ; DeChiara, 1984 ) . Disabilities will take to disconnectedness from the environment ( Lowenfeld, 1957 ) . Hahn ( 1985 ) establishes a direct nexus between a functional-limitation orientation to popular perceptual experiences of a individual s capacity for employment a nd quality of life. It is of import to province that at no point in a strictly functional-limitations attack is there a consideration that disablement may be a consequence of environmental failure. Environments are non to any great extent adapted to people. Peoples must endeavor, sometimes with aid of remedial and rehabilitative instruction, to accommodate to environments in the pursuit for an abstract normalcy. The critics of the functional-limitations orientation to disablement believe this orientation has contributed to a assortment of societal jobs facing kids, young person, and grownups who are sing disablements. Segregated life infinites, sterilization, denial of kid detention, lodging favoritism, unaccessible vote topographic points, and the denial of jury responsibility are platitude ( Asch, 1986 ) . Differences between societal and medical theoretical account The argument on public assistance cogently illustrates the difference between the medical and societal theoretical accounts of disablement. The medical theoretical account of disablement is kindred to a signifier of conservative antiwelfare political orientation, which located the job in the person. This political orientation is typically illustrated through claims that the individual merely needs to acquire a occupation or halt being lazy. Similarly, when people individualise disablement, as do public assistance conservativists, they overlook the possibility that disablement is a group job. Conversely, the societal theoretical account of disablement shifts the venue of duty for the jobs disabled people face from the persons themselves to their inhospitable environments. Interestingly, the medical position of disablement bases in blunt contrast to how other signifiers of favoritism are typically viewed. For illustration, the huge bulk of people believe that the jobs harassing racial minorities, adult females and homophiles stem non from these groups physiological lower status, but from societal favoritism. Discrimination against these groups is considered irrational by most ; few effort to warrant favoritism against any of these groups as acceptable. Yet many people seem to see favoritism against handicapped people as rational- the consequence of their ain organic structures deficiencies- and distinguishable from other signifiers of favoritism. The consequence is that even people who avoid other signifiers of favoritism may be disposed to rationalize disablement favoritism. Criticisms Although some critical disablement theoreticians argue for an attachment to the societal theoretical account ( Shakespeare 1997b, Ward 1997 ) , a theoretical theoretical account should move as a lens to sharpen 1s believing, non as a set of flashers to curtail thoughts and enforce conformance. Stone ( 2001 p.51 ) suggested that using the societal theoretical account of disablement as an analytical model is non the same as utilizing it as a design . One contention reflects a belief that the corporal experience of disablement ( Toombs 1995 ) and the frustrating and oppressive facets of damage ( Barnes A ; Mercer 2003, Clare 1999, Mulvany 2000 ) have been ignored by the societal theoretical account. Second moving ridge authors in disablement surveies are seen to be oppugning these premises that underpin the societal theoretical account of disablement ( Barnes, 1998 ) and as stated above, significantly, this oppugning motion has refocused epistemic attending onto Impairment ( e.g. French, 1993 ; Crow, 1996 ; Hughes A ; Paterson, 1997 ) . Through appealing to sociological imaginativeness and political committedness, these authors attempt to convey impairment back to the head of disablement surveies, off from its uncomfortable and counterproductive expatriate within quasi-medical discourses. Likewise, postmodern reviews ( e.g. Corker, 1998 ; Corker A ; French, 1998 ) and their problematising of expansive narrations, most evidently Marxism, offer localised, specific and discursively-orientated options that take history of the discursively-embodied nature of damage. Most notably, this bend to impairment challenges the widely recognized definitions provided by the UPIAS 1976 ( Fund amental Principles papers, which has been so influential in indicating ways frontward for the societal, political and theoretical emancipation of people with damages ( Oliver, 1990. 1996 ) . Impairment- missing portion of or all of a limb, or holding a faulty limb being or mechanism of the organic structure. Disability- the disadvantage or limitation of activity caused by ca modern-day societal administration which takes no history of people who have physical damages and therefore except them from mainstream societal activities! ( UPIAS, 1976, quoted in Oliver, 1990, p.11 ) While disablement remains a societal job to be eradicated by social alteration ( through Reconstruction of current systems and by deconstruction through revolutionizing direct action ) , impairments definitional links with medicalised discourses ( as exemplified by UPIAS s definition ) have become progressively distressing. Therefore, instead than sing a bend to impairment as a de-politicising, re-medicalising and watering down the societal theoretical account, more and more of the literature is reasoning that a focal point on damage, alongside an confederation with the societal theoretical account and disablement motion, re-socialises damage ( see Williams, 1998 ) . Such a bend is taking topographic point alongside a current tendency of post-modern and anti-foundationalist theorising about the organic structure in the societal scientific disciplines ( Butler, 1990, 1993 ; Turner, 1992 ; Stam, 1998 ) . For Hughes and Paterson ( 1997 ) , models such a phenomenology and post-structura lism provide theoretical paths for traveling through and against Cartesian differentiations between biological science and society, while alarming us to the impact of assorted institutionalized remedy and rehabilitative societal patterns. Yet, to see this turn to impairment as a recent reaction to the current failings of the societal theoretical account of disablement or the increasing influence of post-modern body speculating , ignores earlier Hagiographas within disablement surveies. In peculiar, the work of Paul Abberley, a first moving ridge author and militant ( Barnes, 1998 ) , demonstrates a clearly articulated instance for developing a societal theory of damage as a important constituent of societal theory of disablement. Abberley noted 14years ago that one of the general effects of the subjugation of handicapped people is that: By forestalling disadvantage as the effect of a naturalized impairment it legitimises the failure of public assistance installations and the distribution system in general to supply for societal demand, that is, it interprets the effects of societal maldistribution as the effects of single lack. ( 1987, reproduced in Barton A ; Oliver, 1997 p.175 ) Damage remains a medical and psychological job to be eradicated or rehabilitated. In contrast, Abberley recognises the demand, in the present theoretical and political clime, to underscore the societal beginnings of damage ( p. 176 ) . He goes on: While the political deductions of such an analysis are evident [ disputing social premises of pathology ] , the conceptual effects are besides profound, since such a impression of disablement as subjugation allows us to organize together into consistent conceptual wholeaˆÂ ¦isolated and disparate countries of societal research. In this conveying together of disparate societal theories, there is a necessity to see damage with ambivalency: What is required is basically an attitude of ambivalency towards damage damage must be identified as a bad thing, in so far as it is an unwanted effect of a deformed societal development, at the same clip as it is held to be a positive property of the person who is impaired. ( p. 165 ) For Abberley, premises about impairment- our epistemic assumptions- drama a important portion in the development of disablement theory. The Disabled People s Motion The societal theoretical account of disablement, which locates the job of restrictions experienced by people with damages in society, instead so with impaired persons ( UPIAS, 1976 ; Oliver, 1990 ) , has lead to increasing research documenting the extent of disadvantage experience by handicapped people both socially and economically. In Britain, the roots of the handicapped peoples motion can be traced back to the last century with the formation in the 1890s of the British Deaf Associate and the National League of the Blind ( Pagel, 1988 ) . However, the motion truly took clasp during the sixtiess with the battle for liberty and independency by a group of handicapped occupants in residential establishments ( Finkelstein, 1991 ) and the puting up of the Disablement Income Group ( DIG ) an administration concentrating on the poorness associated with disablement which has systematically lobbied Parliament for improved disablement benefits since it inception- by two handicapped adult females in 1965. The spread of disablement administrations in the resulting decennary and their failure to procure a comprehensive disablement income led to the formation of an umbrella administration known as the Disability Alliance ( DA ) in 1975. Consequences of the social-political theoretical account This theoretical account arose out of the experiences of the handicapped people. Was originally articulated by handicapped militants and has been embraced, debated and promoted by handicapped and disablement theoreticians. In the footings of Antonio Gramasci ( 1971 ) , the societal theoretical account represents an organic theoretical account: arising from the really people whose experiences it aims to encapsulate. It is besides a postcolonial theoretical account in that is describes the experiences and positions of the dispossessed in their ain footings and counters the imperialistic definitions imposed by those exerting more power ( Young 2003 ) . By jointing the societal theoretical account, handicapped militants and faculty members contested the premises that the jobs faced by handicapped people are direct effects of their damages. When handicapped people foremost encounter the thoughts that inform this theoretical account it is frequently experience of both disclosure and releas e ; a acknowledgment that their impoverished societal fortunes are non their fault ( Campbell A ; Oliver 1996, Crow 1996, Thomas 2002 ) . Beyond being an organic theory originating from a societal motion, the societal theoretical account of disablement has played a important function in act uponing the societal motion from which it originated ( Campbell A ; Oliver 1996 ) : the theoretical account is therefore both societal and political. Disability theoretician and militant, Liz Crow ( 1996 p207 ) observed that is has enabled a vision of ourselves free from the restraints of disablement ( subjugation ) and provided a way for our committedness to societal alteration. It has played a cardinal function in advancing handicapped peoples single self-worth, corporate individuality and political administration . It is besides necessary to analyze the deductions of the societal theoretical account for people with learning disablements. The experiences of people with larning troubles remain every bit fringy as of all time. As indicated the societal theoretical account efforts to embrace the experiences of all handicapped people. In so making it challenges the traditional separation of handicapped people from each other. To use the societal theoretical account to physical or centripetal damage, but non larning trouble, seems to propose that the analysis of society offered by feminism are applicable merely to white adult females that the disregard of the experiences of black adult females within much womens rightist authorship is because patriarchate has no explanatory power for them. ( Shakespeare, 213 ) Decision The socio-political theoretical account has had a major planetary impact. Gabel and Peters ( 2004 p585 ) note evidence for the influence of the societal theoretical account abounds the international declarations and conventions, in national statute law, in planetary enlargement of Community-Based Rehabilitation programmes, in the turning figure of Disability Studies degrees in universities, in the push for inclusive educationaˆÂ ¦ and in the research literature . Canada s Charter of Rights and Freedoms, for illustration, understands disablement as a societal position instead so a job of single shortages ( Rioux 1999 ) .

Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homework - Assignment Example Cadenas sales force is likely to be unenthusiastic about the value-in-use pricing strategy. This is because, by using the cost plus pricing strategy, they would sell more since the PESA would be provided for free. This would encourage more customers to buy the servers since they will be provided the extra application for free. Nevertheless, they would also be encouraged to sell using the value-in-use pricing strategy since it will it offers a higher price thus a chance to a bigger commission (Bharadwaj and Gordon 4-6). Therefore, Jowers would recommend that the sales force should undergo training in order to comprehend and sell the value of PESA effectively. This will be achieved by convincing consumers that the represents higher productivity and greater savings. In the beginning, consumers will likely question the company’s reasoning in deviating from their tradition approach of providing such performance enhancing tools like PESA for free. This is one of the most difficult tasks that are associated â€Å"Atlantic Bundle† pricing. Therefore Atlantic Computers should strive to demonstrate to their consumers that PESA fundamentally quadruples the number of usual and basic TRONN servers. Additionally, they will need to emphasize that the tool will provide a saving aspect depending on the number of servers being purchased as well as saving on other costs. It is also imperative to ensure that they continue to providing excellent after sale service to encourage loyalty (Bharadwaj and Gordon 5-7). It is projected that the â€Å"Atlantic Bundle† will take approximately 4% market share. Therefore, it is improbable that Ontario will have any concerns at that particular time and would likely not take any counteracting measures at the new product entry in the market. However, Ontario is likely to take two to three years before

Criminology- To what extent are prison suicides in the UK a Essay

Criminology- To what extent are prison suicides in the UK a consequence of prisons being used to accommodate too many people with mental health problems - Essay Example Insufficient mental health treatment is provided by those in charge in the prisons. Extremely harsh, terrifying, and bleak facts are also revealed by a research study lately about the ten most horrific prisons of all times in the world according to which prisoners irrespective of their histories are kept unacceptably jam-packed like animals. The UK prisons are also teeming with psychopath prisoners to some extent who have severe mental health issues like major depression, anxiety, paranoia, and suicide idealization. Overcrowding is blamed for 37% rise in prison suicide among inmates living together in prison systems which have no good management (Woodward 2008). Concerning the alarming situation that as many as 9 out of 10 prisoners in UK are subjected to deal with the rough consequences of depression, paranoia, drug or alcohol abuse, anxiety, and personality disorders, the claim that the rough prison atmosphere in UK might be the reason behind growing number of suicides reported by prison officials starts appearing to be valid and acceptable. â€Å"More than two-thirds of all men, women and children in prison have two or more mental health problems such as depression and anxiety† (PRISON REFORM TRUST 2010). The incidence of mental or personality disorders is really not that common among the normal population and this frequency of ill mental health gives rise to prison suicides which are becoming more frequent in UK now than ever before. There definitely exists a connection between overcrowding in jails and suicide attempts by prisoners. Jails in UK are under pressure from overcrowding and more often than not, they cave in to this pr essure with the result that the statistical data revealed by prison officials identifies that â€Å"the number of prisoners who killed themselves in jail rose significantly in 2007† (BBC

Analytical Techniques for DNA Extraction

Analytical Techniques for DNA Extraction Development of DNA sensors for highly sensitive detection of sequence specific DNA has become crucial due to their extensive applications in clinical diagnosis, pathogen detection, gene expression studies, and environmental monitoring.ref Along with complementary base-pair hybridization between long oligonucleotide for DNA detection, several DNA sensors employ short oligonucleotide (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤10 base pair) to this goal. Ref Easley and co-workers constructed the electrochemical proximity assay (ECPA) for highly sensitive and highly selective quantitative detection of protein, where target-induced DNA hybridization between 5, 7, or 10 complementary base system brings redox tag close to the sensor surface resulting direct electrochemical readout. To date, numerous analytical techniques have been established for DNA detection, such as electrochemistry, fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminiscence, quartz crystal microbalance and so on. Ref Among these methods, electrochemical DNA (E-DNA) sensors have attracted much attention owing to their reliability, simplicity, rapid response, low cost and portability, low sample consumption, ability to work in complex-multicomponent samples and remarkably high sensitivity and selectivity.ref The basic principle of E-DNA sensor is based on immobilization of single stranded DNA probe, a selective biological recognition element, on a sensor surface followed by incubation with sample containing the target biomolecules. When a target-induced molecular recognition event (hybridization) takes place the sensor translates that to a measurable electrochemical signal which is directly correlated to the target concentration. In recent years, numerous research groups have studied the perf ormance of these sensors by investigating the effect of immobilized probe structure and probe surface density, nature of the redox reporter used, target length, ionic strength of buffer and modifying the frequency of the square-wave voltammetry employed. ref Nevertheless, distance dependence of the redox tag relative to the electrode surface to achieve maximum signal has never been explored. As solid-phase hybridization is very distinct from that in solution-phase in terms of kinetics and thermodynamics, ref sensor performance may be sensitive to the location of the redox reporter because surface charge would likely alter the hybridization rate of negatively charged DNA which, in turn, alters the signaling properties of E-DNA sensors. Especially for short oligonucleotide (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤10 base pair) hybridization near surface the effect may lead to very à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ due to their low binding energy which is not sufficient to overcomeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Here, we describe a detailed s tudy of the extent to which the location of the redox reporter can be varied to achieve maximum signal within shorter response time in effort to design efficient E-DNA sensors with improved sensitivity. Prior to this work, these electrochemical DNA (E-DNA) and electrochemical, aptamer based (E-AB) sensors have been reported against specific DNA and RNA sequences,2 proteins,3,4 small molecules,5-7 and inorganic ions.8,9 Because all of the sensing components in the E-DNA/EAB platform are covalently attached to the interrogating electrode, the approach requires neither exogenous reagents nor labeling of the target. Likewise, because their signaling is linked to specific, binding-induced changes in the dynamics of the probe DNA (rather than changes in adsorbed mass, charge, etc.), these sensors function well when challenged with complex, contaminant-ridden samples such as blood serum, soil extracts, and foodstuffs.5,7,9,10 These attributes render the E-DNA/E-AB platform an appealing approach for the specific detection of oligonucleotides and other targets that bind DNA or RNA.11-13 In the above methods, electrochemical biosensors are much popular because of their simple instrumentation setup, low sample and reagent consumption as well as high sensitivity and selectivity (Wenetal.,2012; Lu etal.,2012; Wenetal.,2011; Farjamietal.,2011; Xia etal.,2010; Xiang andLu, 2012; Pei etal.,2011; Farjamietal.,2013; Liu etal.,2013b). Electrochemical methods,1,11 being simple, portable and low-cost, are particularly attractive for DNA detection.12à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢16 Electrochemical methods have been used extensively in DNA detection assays, as summarized in recent review articles.15,16 Among these protocols, the electrochemical biosensors have attracted particular attention in different fields owing to its small dimensions, easy operation, rapid response, low cost, high sensitivity and selectivity [10,11]. Among these techniques, the electrochemical techniques have received great interests owing to its superior characteristics of rapid response, low-cost, small-size, simple operation, and good selectivity [13-16]. Among these approaches, electrochemical methods have been shown to be superior over the other existing measurement systems,11 because electrochemical transduction possesses a potential allowing the development of rapid, simple, low-cost, and portable devices.12-14 As an alternative to conventional techniques, electrochemical DNA biosensors have attracted considerable interest owing to their intrinsic advantages, including good portability, fast response, and remarkably high sensitivity (Sun etal.,2010). More importantly, a number of DNA biosensors have been developed and extensively applied for the determination of biomarkers (Huang etal.,2014). Microfabrication technology has enabled the development of electrochemical DNA biosensors with the capacity for sensitive and sequence-specific detection of nucleic acids.1-5 The ability of electrochemical sensors to directly identify nucleic acids in complex mixtures is a significant advantage over approaches such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that require target purification and amplification. Electrochemical DNA sensors are reliable, fast, simple, and cost- effective devices that convert the hybridization occurring on an electrode surface into an electrical signal by means of direct or indirect methods. the electrochemical DNA (E-DNA) sensor is one of them. This sensor platform, the electrochemical equivalent of optical molecular beacons, exhibits notable sensitivity, specificity and operational convenience whilst also being fully electronic, reusable and able to work in complex, contaminant-rich samples [4-6]. Compared with other transducers, electrochemical ones received particular interest due to a rapid detection and great sensitivity. Combining the characteristics of DNA probes with the capacity of direct and label-free electrochemical detection represents an attractive solution in many different fields of application, such as rapid monitoring of pollutant agents or metals in the environment, investigation and evaluation of DNA-drug interaction mechanisms, detection of DNA base damage in clinical diagnosis, or detection of specific DNA sequences in human, viral, and bacterial nucleic acids [2-8]. The determination using electrochemical biosensor methods has attracted much interest because of their simple instrumentation, high specificity, sensitivity, rapid, and is inexpensive with potential for applications in molecular sensing devices. Amongst the electrochemical transducers, carbon electrodes such as glassy carbon, carbon fibre, graphite, or carbon black exhibit several unique properties. Recent engineering advances have enabled the development of electrochemical DNA biosensors with molecular diagnostic capabilities (2, 8, 18, 33, 47). Electrochemical DNA biosensors offer several advantages compared to alternative molecular detection approaches, including the ability to analyze complex body fluids, high sensitivity, compatibility with microfabrication technology, a low power requirement, and compact instrumentation compatible with portable devices (18, 48). Electrochemical DNA sensors consist of a recognition layer containing oligonucleotide probes and an electrochemical signal transducer. A well-established electrochemical DNA sensor strategy involves sandwich hybridization of target nucleic acids by capture and detector probes (5, 7, 46, 50). First reported in 2003, electrochemical DNA (E-DNA) biosensors are reagentless, single-step sensors comprised of a redox-reporter-modified nucleic acid probe attached to an interrogating electrode.1 Originally used for the detection of DNA2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢9 and RNA10 targets, the platform has since been expanded to the detection of a wide range of small molecules,11,12 inorganic ions,13,14 and proteins,12,15à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢17 including antibodies,18,19 via the introduction of aptamers and nucleic-acid-small molecule and nucleic-acid-peptide conjugates as recognition elements (reviewed in refs 20 and 21). Irrespective of their specific target, all of these sensors are predicated on a common mechanism: binding alters the efficiency with which the attached redox reporter approaches the electrode due to either the steric bulk of the target or the changes in the conformation of the probe.1,12,18 Given this mechanism, these sensors are quantitative, single-step (washfree), and selective enough to perform well even in complex clinical samples.12,15 They are likewise supported on micrometer- scale electrodes22 and require only inexpensive, handheld driving electronics (analogous to the home glucose meter23), suggesting they are well suited to applications at the point-of-care. Among these, the electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization appears promising due to its rapid response time, low cost, and suitability for mass production.11,12 The E-DNA sensor,13-16 which is the electrochemical equivalent of an optical molecular beacon,17-20 appears to be a particularly promising approach to oligonucleotide detection because it is rapid, reagentless, and operationally convenient.21,22 The E-DNA sensor is comprised of a redox-modified stemloop probe that is immobilized on the surface of a gold electrode via self-assembled monolayer chemistry. In the absence of a target, the stem-loop holds the redox moiety in proximity to the electrode, producing a large Faradic current. Upon target hybridization, the stem is broken and the redox moiety moves away from the electrode surface. This produces a readily measurable reduction in current that can be related to the presence and concentration of the target sequence. Both E-DNA sensors13-16 and related sensors based on th e binding-induced folding of DNA aptamers23-28 have been extensively studied in recent years. Nevertheless, key issues in their fabrication and use have not yet been explored in detail. Electrochemical biosensors, combining the sensitivity of electroanalytical methods with the inherent bio-selectivity of the biological component, have found extensive application in diverse fields because of their high sensitivity with relatively simple and low-cost measurement systems.1 For example, by assembling artful target-responsive DNA architectures on the electrode surface, a series of electrochemical bioanalysis methods have been proposed for the sensing of specific biomarkers, such as DNA and proteins.2-5 The typical sensing schemes of these designs involve the immobilization of an efficient probe on the electrode surface, incubation with target biomolecules, and measurement of the output electrochemical signal.6,7 A wide variety of nanomaterials including metal nanoparticles, oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene and even hybrid nanomaterials have found attractive application in electrochemical biosensing, such as detection of DNA, proteins and pathogens and the design of biological nanodevices (bacteria/cells).14,15 Electrochemical transducers offer broad opportunities in DNA sensor design due to simple experiment protocols, inexpensive and mostly commercially available equipment. Among various detection methods, the electrochemical approach attracted much attention due to its rapidness, low cost, high sensitivity and compatibility with portability [10,11]. The E-DNA sensor [12,13], an electrochemical method derived from the optical molecular beacon[14,15], is particularly promising because it is reagentlessness andoperation convenience. In brief, the E-DNA sensor is composed of a redox-modified hairpin-like stem-loop DNA probe that is immobilized on the electrode surface. Without a target, the stem-loop structure holds the redox probe close to the electrode surface, pro-ducing a large current. Upon hybridization with a target, the stem is opened and the redox label moves away from the electrode surface and the current is decreased. This current change is directly related to the target DNA concentration. Many different versions of the E-DNA sensor have been reported to date [7-9]. A popular construct of this type of sensors is a folding-based E-DNA sensor comprised of a redox-labeled DNA stem-loop probe covalently attached to a gold disk electrode. In the absence of a target, the stem-loop conformation holds the redox label in close proximity to the electrode, facilitating electron transfer. In the presence of and binding to a complementary DNA target, hybridization forces the redox tag farther from the electrode, impeding electron transfer and producing an observable reduction in redox current [4-6]. In this approach, a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probe is immobilized on a surface and exposed to a sample containing the specific complementary target sequence, which is captured by forming a double-stranded DNA(dsDNA) molecule. This recognition event (hybridization) is then transduced into a readable signal. In this strategy, the target is anchored to the sensor surface by the capture probe and detected by hybridization with a detector probe linked to a reporter function. Detector probes coupled to oxidoreductase reporter enzymes allow amperometric detection of redox signals by the sensor electrodes (28, 34). When a fixed potential is applied between the working and reference electrodes, enzyme-catalyzed redox activity is detected as a measurable electrical current (11, 16, 27). The current amplitude is a direct reflection of the number of target-probe-reporter enzyme complexes anchored to the sensor surface. Because the initial step in the electrochemical detection strategy is nucleic acid hybridization rather than enzyme-based target amplification, electrochemical sensors are able to directly detect target nucleic acids in clinical specimens, an advantage over nucleic acid amplification techniques, such as PCR. Electrochemical methods are typically inexpensive and rapid methods that allow distinct analytes to be detected in a highly sensitive and selective manner [22-25]. Although electrochemical DNA sensors exploit a range of distinct chemistries, they all take advantage of the nanoscale interactions among the target present in solution, the recognition layer, and the solid electrode surface. This has led to the development of simple signal transducers for the electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization by using an inexpensive analyzer. DNA hybridization can be detected electrochemically by using various strategies that exploit the electrochemistry of the redox reaction of reporters [26] and enzymes immobilized onto an electrode surface [27], direct or catalytic oxidation of DNA bases [28-31], electrochemistry of nanoparticles [32-35], conducting polymers (CPs) [35-37], and quantum dots [38]. E-DNA sensors, the electrochemical analog of optical molecular beacons [e.g.,1-4], are based on the hybridization-induced folding of an electrode-bound, redox-tagged DNA probe. In their original implementation, the concentration of a target oligonucleotide is recorded when it hybridizes to a stem-loop DNA probe, leading to the formation of a rigid, double stranded duplex that sequesters the redox tag from the interrogating electrode [1]. Follow-on E-DNA architectures have dispensed with the stem-loop probe in favor of linear probes, leading to improved binding thermodynamics and, thus, improved gain [5], as well as strand-invasion, hairpin and pseudoknot probes producing signal-on sensors [6-8]. Because E-DNA sensors are reagentless, electronic (electrochemical) and highly selective (they perform well even when challenged directly in complex, multicomponent samples such as blood serum or soil) [e.g., 9], E-DNA sensors appear to be a promising and appealing approach for the sequence-s pecific detection of DNA and RNA [see, e.g., 10,11]. E-DNA signaling arises due to hybridization-linked changes in the rate, and thus efficiency, with which the redox moiety collides with the electrode and transfers electrons. To design efficient DNA-electrochemical biosensors, it is essential to know the structure and to understand the electrochemical characteristics of DNA molecules. Motivated by the potential advantages of the E-DNA sensing platform, numerous research groups have explored their fabrication and optimization over the past decade. Specifically, efforts have been made to improve the platforms signal gain (change in signal upon the addition of saturating target) by optimizing the frequency of the square-wave potential rampemployed,11 the density with which the target-recognizing probes packed onto the electrode,11,24 probe structure,25 the redox reporter employed,26 and the nature of the monolayer coating the electrode.25 Contributing to these studies, we describe here a more comprehensive study of the extent to which the square-wave voltammetric approach itself can be optimized to achieve maximum signal gain. Specifically, we have investigated the effect of varying the square-wave frequency, amplitude, and potential step-size on the gain of E-DNA sensors, evaluating each parameter as a function of the others as well as of the structure of the E-DNA probe, its packing density, the nature of its redox-reporter, and the monolayer chemistry used to coat the sensing electrode. E-DNA sensors are a reagentless, electrochemical oligonucleotide sensing platform based on a redox-tag modified, electrode-bound probe DNA. Because E-DNA signaling is linked to hybridization-linked changes in the dynamics of this probe, sensor performance is likely dependent on the nature of the self-assembled monolayer coating the electrode. We have investigated this question by characterizing the gain, specificity, response time and shelf-life of E-DNA sensors fabricated using a range of co-adsorbates, including both charged and neutral alkane thiols. The signaling mechanism of E-DNA sensors is linked to a bindingspecific change in the flexibility of the redox-tagged probe; upon hybridization, the relatively rigid target/probe duplex hampers the collision of the electrochemical tag thus decreasing the observable amperometric signal [5,12]. This, in turn, suggests that E-DNA signaling may be sensitive to changes in surface chemistry which, due to surface charge and steric bulk effects, would likely alter the dynamics of a negatively charged DNA probe. However, despite rapid growth in the E-DNA literature [reviewed in 13] the extent to which surface chemistry affects E-DNA signaling has not been established; all previous E-DNA sensors were fabricated using hydroxyl-terminated alkane thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) [e.g.,1,3,5,7,9]. Here we address this question and describe a study of E-DNA sensors fabricated using co-adsorbates of various lengths and charges in an effort to further optimize E-DNA performance. For example, while it is likely that the signaling properties of these sensors depend sensitively on the density of immobilized probe DNA molecules on the sensor surface (measured in molecules of probe per square centimeter) [see, e.g., refs 5 and 29-36], no systematic study of this effect has been reported. Similarly, while it appears that the size of the target and the location of the recognition element within the target sequence affect signal suppression,24 this effect, too, has seen relatively little study. Here we detail the effects of probe surface density, target length, and other aspects of molecular crowding on the signaling properties, specificity, and response time of the E-DNA sensor. However, the sensitivity is one of the most important limiting factors for the development of electrochemical DNA biosensors.

Annotated Bibliography Lord of the Rings

Rutledge,   Fleming. The Battle for Middle-earth: Tolkien's Divine Design in The Lord of the Rings. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans. 2004. Fleming Rutledge takes a deep dive into the religious undertones behind Tolkien's masterpiece. This was especially written for Tolkien readers who look at The Lord of the Rings as pure fantasy, totally unaware of the religious dimensions of the story. The author accomplishes this by taking a parallel analysis of the events as they unfold in the book. With scholarly expertise, Rutledge shows the theological themes that drive every action in the story, thus proving the profound presence of religion in the sub-narrative. In his introduction, Rutledge writes the following: Nonetheless, because I have come to the work entirely without expectations, I am presumptuous enough to believe that my delayed, untaught encounter with the Ring saga – combined with my knowledge of Scripture, theology, and the Church – had afforded an opportune glimpse into Tolkien’s deepest intimations. (2) In another chapter, Rutledge writes about Bilbo’s behavior, If there were any doubts about the lasting effects of the ring even on the most innocuous individuals, the next sequence dispels it. †¦ In the great Hall of Fire after dinner, Frodo is reunited with Bilbo. Of course Frodo is overjoyed to see his beloved relative, mentor and friend once more; it has been the greatest desire of his heart. But when the subject of the ring comes up between them, an appalling change creeps over Bilbo. He asks, in a rather too sniveling a voice if he can see the Ring once more†¦ The change in Bilbo is revolting†¦ The implication is clear. One more close encounter with the Ring and dear, cuddly, beloved Bilbo will be on his way to becoming another Gollum. 2. West, John Garret, et al. Celebrating Middle-Earth: The Lord of the Rings As a Defense of Western Civilization. Inkling Books. 2002 This volume is a collaboration among six writers who each explores the place of The Lord of the Rings in the modern Western world. Each of the authors present In John West’s preface, he says, Tolkien was both a devout Christian and a dedicated scholar of the Western intellectual and literary traditions, and his love for Christianity and the West stand at the core of this narrative. Far from being simple escapism or blind nostalgia, Tolkien’s saga actually confronts many of the idols of modernism and post-modernism. (10) Another writer, Kerry Dearborn maintains, Tolkien’s faith was deeply important to him, and it is something woven into the fabric of his stories, but something which must be deduced or worked out†¦Although Tolkien reflects vivid belief in and experience of the world’s depravity, his faith correlates more closely to Christian traditions that would affirm a vestige of the divine in creation and the imago dei (the image of God) in humanity rather than total depravity. (95-96) Towards the end of the book, West writes, We are free to a point. We are free to accept our calling or reject it. The most inspiring thing about The Lord of the Rings, for me, is its heroes’ monumental struggle to fulfill the mission that fate had ordained for them†¦ Nothing could make them abandon their mission†¦ Whereas the good characters all submit to authority outside of them, the bad ones recognize no authority higher than their individual will. 3. Bassham, Gregory and Bronson, Eric. The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy: One Book to Rule Them All.   Open Court Publishing. 2003. The author of this book is chairman of the philosophy department at King's College. This book takes a philosophical view on the lessons on life and living that the Lord of the Rings presents. Particularly, the authors distill lessons about morality and ethics, the power of choice, and the corruptive nature of power. Bassham writes the following, †¦Gollum is the more fascinating character†¦ He represents the good gone bad, something which is always intriguing for those who are struggling to stay with the first. Sam represents the good that stays good even under temptation. Both Gollum and Sam want the same thing: to be happy. Both work hard at it. But only one of them succeeds: Sam reaches his goal and Gollum ends in disaster. Why? This is the momentous philosophical question, because it concerns the nature of the good life, the life of happiness. We need to answer it because in answering we can perhaps also learn something important about how to achieve happiness for ourselves. In the book, the authors make the following points, So St. Augustine and Tolkien agree that nothing is completely and utterly evil, because such a thing could not even exist because existence itself is good. (103) In another chapter, the authors further, In an epic tale of good and evil such as The Lord of the Rings, it is a virtual necessity that the characters representing good and evil can be identified as such by the reader. One way for them to be identified is through their actions. Another is though the character traits from which those actions proceed. There may be different literary reasons for preferring one approach to the other, but when the characters are given personalities that exhibit virtues or vices, the moral lesson is clearer. The lesson is clearer because right actions may be performed for wrong reasons, or, alternatively, wrongful acts may be performed for the right reasons. So just looking at what people do may be less morally instructive than considering who they are. (110) 4. Lobdell, Jared et al. A Tolkien Compass. Open Court Publishing. 2003. This book is basically a compilation of reflections to the places and characters in Middle-Earth. This book is intended to use Middle Earth as a guide to our own life’s journeys. This volume traces the journeys of some of the main characters in Tolkien’s story, their inner struggle and transformations, and cull lessons that we an use as we face life’s many uncertainties. Walter Schepes writes in his essay, It is important to note that most of the distinctions between good and evil in The Lord of the Rings are generic distinctions, and the forces of evil are often immediately recognizable as such from their place of origin, their color, or their manner of speech. (44) The author furthers, These major characters seem to fall into groups of three. First, there are three already wholly corrupted by the desire for power – Sauron, the Ringwraiths, and Gollum. Second, there are the three who belong to an earlier time and have removed themselves from the world to such a degree that the power of the Ring means nothing to them – Shelob, Fangorn, and Tom Bombadil. Third, there are three, The Great, who would have the strength to wield the power of the Ring if they did obtain it – Saruman, Gandalf, and Galadriel. Fourth, there are the three men of Gondor to whom the Ring offers special temptation in their threatened land – Boromir, Denethor, and Faramir. And fifth, there are the three who for differing reasons obtain heroic stature in the story – Frodo, Sam, and Aragorn. (57) 5. Curry, Patrick. Defending Middle-Earth: Tolkien, Myth and Modernity. Mariner Books. 2004 Curry focuses on the different social and political systems that existed in Middle Earth and how these various structure worked together to ward off an evil that threatens all of them. The author maintains that Tolkien’s masterpiece is a spiritual work meant to enlighten those who read it with an open heart. This book also analyzes the symbolic battle of nature against a highly mechanical, modern world and how Tolkien presents us with a cautionary tale about the abuses of technology. The following is an excerpt from the book: However, although Tolkien drew on the tiny corner of the world that is the West Midlands of England, readers from virtually everywhere else in the world connect the hobbits with a rustic people of their own, relatively untouched by modernity – if not still actually existing, then from the alternative reality of folk and fairy tale. 6. Chance, Jane. Tolkien the Medievalist. Routledge. 2003 This book puts Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings in the context of the Medieval Period. The book provides an in-depth analysis of the elements of Tolkien’s stories and relates them to the literary characteristics that were in effect during the Middle Ages. This book will be useful in studying how the elements of Catholic beliefs of good and evil influence Tolkien’s famed The Lord of the Rings trilogy. However, aside from the comparison with the literature of the Middle Ages, this volume offers an interesting perspective on how the trilogy came to be and to what extent did the existing circumstances, particularly the looming world war, affected Tolkien’s value system and how he wrote the book. A relevant quote from the book goes like this, In September of that year John Ronald Tolkien, then a 22-year old student at Oxford awaiting military call-up, wrote a fairy tale poem titled â€Å"The Voyage of Earendel,† about a celestial mariner who sails west to seek peace for Middle Earth. It was the beginning of his invented mythology. (26) 7. Isaacs, Neil David et al. Understanding The Lord Of The Rings: The Best Of Tolkien Criticism edited by Neil David Isaacs. Houghton Mifflin Books. 2005 This volume compiled and edited by Isaacs is the definitive collection of literary criticisms on The Lord of the Rings. The books compile essays from the time The Lord of the Rings was first published up until the renewed interest in Tolkien after the release of the Peter Jackson’s film. This book is valuable because it presents a variety of perspectives and arguments without diluting the beauty of Tolkien’s masterpiece. In Edmund Fuller’s essay, he makes a point about the theme of good and evil in The Lord of the Rings, As to the inherent meaning, we are confronted basically by a raw struggle between good and evil. This contest offers a challenge and demands decisions of several kinds. The power of evil is formidable and ruthless. The initial decision, in which many of the characters participate, is whether or not to attempt to resist at all†¦ So great and discouraging are the odds involved in resistance that the possibility of surrender, terrible than the fight – unless the deciding element is the moral choice of rejecting evil regardless of consequence. (19) 8. Porter, Lynette. Unsung Heroes of The Lord Of The Rings: From The Page To The Screen. Praeger/Greenwood. 2005 Porter’s book presents a fresh take on heroism as defined by the minor characters on the book. Most criticisms on The Lord of the Rings are about the central characters, often overlooking the fact that the ones in the background have struggles and heroism in their own lives as well. Here is Porter’s take on Pippin, Pippin’s value as a hero cannot truly be measured using the typical definitions of a literary hero. The importance of his character lies not in his ability to serve as a classic literary hero preordained for greatness, but in his ability to overcome his fear and self-doubt to grow up and into a heroic young adult. Pippin is truly the everyperson hero who, at least early in his life, might be voted least likely to do anything worthwhile for others, but who matures into a leader capable of heroic action in crises. (59)